A small change in the document; formal change or additions to the U.S. Constitution that modify, clarify, or expand its provisions
Example: First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. US Consitution Annotated
Arraignment Add a description about this item
Articles of the Constitution (7) - establish the structures, powers, and functions of the federal government.
Example: Article I – The Legislative Branch: Establishes Congress as the law-making body, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It defines the powers, responsibilities, and limits of Congress, including taxation, egulation of commerce, and the ability to declare war.
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
"In fact, in deed, actually." **
"...one who is in actual possession of the office or supreme power, but by usurpation, or without lawful title;..." **
Example: officer de facto, king de facto, government de facto
"Of right; legitimate; lawful; by right and just title" **
"...just claim and rightful title to the office or power, but has never had plenary possession of it, or is not now in actual possession..." **
Example: President Trump's 2020-2024 Presidential Term
Grand jury’s role is accusatory, not adjudicative, and has 16-23 members. It's function is to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to indict, not to weigh evidence for guilt or innocence. At least 12 must vote to indict for a true bill, fewer than 12 it is a no bill.
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
No Bill (or no true bill): The grand jury finds the evidence is not sufficient for probable cause. No indictment is issued, and formal charges on those allegations do not move forward at that time.
Example: Not a finding of guilt or innocence. Probable cause is a much lower standard than the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard required at trial. No formal charges are filed
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
To sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid.
Example: The Constitution of the United States that includes the preamble and seven (7) articles was ratified June 21, 1788 after 9 of the 13 states (Article VII) approved
Add a description about this item
Freedoms or protections that people deserve
Example: Free, honest and fair elections
Add a description about this item
Add a description about this item
An American member of the sovereign people, under a government whose powers come from the people and a government whose powers are limited by the Constitution.
It is not a private title that removes a person from the law.
Example: ALL True American People
True bill (or true bill of indictment): The grand jury finds there is probable cause to believe a crime was committed and that the accused person committed it. This results in a formal indictment. The case can proceed to arraignment and trial.
Example:
After a true bill (indictment):
• The indictment is filed with the court.
• The person becomes a formal defendant.
* The case proceeds to arraignment ( charges are read and a plea is entered), discovery, motions, and eventually plea or trial.
Incapable of being aliened, that is, sold and transferred.
Example: Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness, Property, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Due Process, & Equal Protection
An extraordinary common-law remedy used to enforce an established legal right by compelling a person in an official capacity to perform an indisputable ministerial duty required by law. (Buongiorno v, Link, et al, 2026).
Example: The People's Work Cases 9:25-cv-81219-AMC & 9:25-cv-81554-AMC
** (classic 2nd edition text, matching 1891 and 4th edition)scription about this item
***Revised Fourth Edition of Black's Law Dictionary
Add a footnote if this applies to your business
Copyright © 2026 Grand Jury Oversight Committee - All Rights Reserved.
Important Disclaimer
Grand Jury Oversight Palm Beach County FL is a private, independent citizen-led initiative and is not affiliated with, or operated as an official government entity at any local, state, or federal level.